Example Analysis of shell io Redirection

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By default, there are always three "files" open, stdin (keyboard), stdout (screen), and stderr (error message output to the screen). These three files and other open files can be redirected. The simple explanation for redirection is to capture the output of a block of code in a file, command, program, script, or script, and then send these outputs as input to another file, command, program, or script.

Each open file is assigned a file descriptor. The file descriptors for stdin, stdout, and stderr are 0, 1, and 2, respectively. In addition to these three files, file descriptors 3 through 9 are retained for other files that need to be opened. In some cases, it is useful to assign these additional file descriptors to stdin, stdout, or stderr as temporary script links. They need to be restored to normal after a complex redirection and refresh.

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